Benchmarks Report

Overview of zkVM and Proof Systems

zkVM / Proof System	Architecture	Frontend	Backend	Security Bits
RISC Zero	RISC-V	Rust	STARK-based	96 bits
SP1	RISC-V	Rust	STARK-based	100 bits
OpenVM	RISC-V	Rust	STARK-based	100 bits
Jolt	RISC-V	Rust	Lookup-based	-
Stone	Cairo VM	Cairo	STARK-based	100 bits
Stwo	Cairo VM	Cairo	STARK-based	96 bits

All benchmarks presented here are CPU-only and do not utilize any GPU acceleration.
Stone benchmarks were generated using the dynamic layout with these configurations.
The benchmarks for SP1, R0 and OpenVM use compressed or succinct prover type, which aggregates all the STARK proofs into a single STARK proof.
Benchmarks which run out of memory have been indicated by 💾 and benchmarks which generate errors in proof generation have been indicated by ❌ in the tables.

Time and Commit Hash

Commit Hash: f27856ec17fbd9e85ec31cba9c2cb9e96d8dd08f
Timestamp: Thursday, July 03, 2025 20:52:50 UTC

System Information

CPU Info

Architecture: x86_64
CPU(s): 48
Model name: AMD EPYC-Rome Processor
Thread(s) per core: 2
Core(s) per socket: 24
Socket(s): 1
L3 cache: 16 MiB (1 instance)

Memory Info

MemTotal: 184.25 GB
MemFree: 166.19 GB
MemAvailable: 178.69 GB

Fibonacci

Benchmark n Fibonacci iterations.

Prover Time (s)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
32768	3.208	15.003	34.291	17.128	56.325	13.198
65536	5.183	18.252	42.403	29.241	95.468	11.372
131072	9.17	24.982	57.978	52.298	💾	12.886
262144	15.771	39.327	92.229	86.743	💾	12.587
524288	28.16	54.812	158.128	167.607	💾	16.166
1048576	54.42	72.028	320.082	306.386	💾	18.612
2097152	107.89	128.215	515.567	605.92	💾	31.047
4194304	❌	222.332	1042.58	1206.76	💾	60.939

Verifier Time (ms)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
32768	53.0	108	142	23	92.0	41
65536	77.0	107	139	10	113.0	16
131072	58.0	101	140	23	💾	18
262144	103.0	100	141	22	💾	89
524288	56.0	83	140	24	💾	14
1048576	104.0	83	57	23	💾	414
2097152	98.0	84	57	10	💾	367
4194304	❌	83	57	23	💾	10

Proof Size (KB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
32768	187.615	1315.53	1708.31	223.234	125.608	789.578
65536	197.799	1315.53	1708.31	223.234	129.8	783.63
131072	208.399	1315.53	1708.31	223.234	💾	783.834
262144	219.415	1315.53	1708.31	223.234	💾	802.678
524288	230.847	1315.53	1708.31	223.234	💾	801.194
1048576	242.695	1315.53	852.937	223.234	💾	808.038
2097152	254.959	1315.53	852.937	223.234	💾	819.122
4194304	❌	1315.53	816.649	223.234	💾	866.882

Cycle Count

n	jolt	sp1	r0	stone	stwo
32768	196974	168808	166215	229390	262143
65536	393582	332648	330055	458766	524287
131072	786798	660328	657735	💾	1048575
262144	1573230	1315688	1313095	💾	2097151
524288	3146041	2626408	2623815	💾	4194303
1048576	6291822	5247848	5245255	💾	8388607
2097152	12583293	10490728	10488135	💾	16777215
4194304	❌	20976488	20973895	💾	33554431

Peak Memory (GB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
32768	6.44	5.12	7	2.3	59.44	11.08
65536	5.83	6.42	5.43	4.58	118.54	11.46
131072	8.79	9.18	5.43	9.15	💾	12.2
262144	14.73	14.3	6.57	9.17	💾	14.01
524288	26.95	15.12	12.22	9.17	💾	17.57
1048576	50.85	25.94	12.22	9.17	💾	24.57
2097152	98.93	35.61	12.42	9.18	💾	38.62
4194304	❌	51.25	12.43	9.18	💾	72.26

Sha2

Benchmark Sha256 hash of n bytes. For Stone, the cairo implementation of sha256 by cartridge was used for benchmarking and for other zkvms sha2 Rust crate was used for benchmarking.

Prover Time (s)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile
256	1.657	12.71	28.943	11.196	10.835	17.978	34.019	8.316	44.301
512	1.711	13.184	29.561	11.306	19.88	15.051	33.991	11.33	43.728
1024	2.173	13.863	30.609	17.136	31.021	16.833	33.83	11.201	44.897
2048	3.324	15.021	34.184	28.934	31.294	17.726	34.531	17.174	44.683
4096	❌	16.88	39.38	52.487	66.539	14.084	34.418	28.982	47.701
8192	❌	24.037	50.539	86.688	116.467	14.979	35.564	52.48	48.995
16384	❌	37.958	78.057	167.856	💾	21.402	38.267	110.887	52.865
32768	❌	52.566	129.842	300.572	💾	16.555	46.209	184.873	60.148
65536	❌	72.136	249.403	589.84	💾	18.384	60.138	357.716	79.957
131072	❌	136.592	532.796	1172.21	💾	27.871	87.29	709.726	124.996
262144	❌	257.02	916.603	2338.03	💾	27.362	121.022	1415.34	219.654
524288	❌	513.726	1790.29	4673.32	💾	43.242	233.959	2825.46	393.678

Verifier Time (ms)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile
256	50.0	108	141	10	428.0	10	83	22	142
512	49.0	113	144	20	418.0	11	106	23	141
1024	49.0	102	140	23	426.0	11	90	15	141
2048	75.0	97	140	22	440.0	11	109	22	142
4096	❌	106	139	22	454.0	11	99	23	141
8192	❌	109	141	22	525.0	11	87	22	142
16384	❌	82	144	22	💾	42	92	23	142
32768	❌	94	140	23	💾	49	102	15	142
65536	❌	83	141	23	💾	143	95	23	141
131072	❌	83	57	24	💾	441	83	24	141
262144	❌	83	56	24	💾	236	83	23	142
524288	❌	83	56	23	💾	12	82	24	141

Proof Size (KB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile
256	172.143	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	104.104	986.394	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
512	172.143	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	114.152	1000.61	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
1024	181.495	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	117.224	1011.16	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
2048	191.263	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	120.04	1011.71	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
4096	❌	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	126.632	1007.77	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
8192	❌	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	130.824	1013.42	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
16384	❌	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	💾	1005.31	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
32768	❌	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	💾	1018.49	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
65536	❌	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	💾	1017.72	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
131072	❌	1315.56	852.937	223.482	💾	1037.15	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
262144	❌	1315.56	852.937	223.482	💾	1045.93	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
524288	❌	1315.56	816.649	223.482	💾	1092.14	1315.56	223.482	1784.35

Cycle Count

n	jolt	sp1	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile
256	35325.0	33911	51280	14791.0	131071	11492	31643
512	60893.0	52743	90848	29233.0	131071	15820	55467
1024	112029	90407	169984	46295.0	131071	24476	103133
2048	214301	165735	328256	80419.0	131071	41788	198463
4096	❌	316391	644800	160489	262143	76412	389106
8192	❌	617703	1277888	308807	524287	145660	770392
16384	❌	1220327	2544064	💾	1048575	284156	1532981
32768	❌	2425575	5076416	💾	2097151	561148	3058159
65536	❌	4836071	10141120	💾	4194303	1115132	6108532
131072	❌	9657063	20270528	💾	8388607	2223100	12209241
262144	❌	19299047	40529344	💾	16777215	4439036	24410676
524288	❌	38583015	81046976	💾	33554431	8870908	48813546

Peak Memory (GB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile
256	5.09	4.29	5.45	1.43	9.63	10.79	7.84	1.43	5.44
512	4.9	4.42	5.44	1.42	18.9	10.82	8.18	1.42	5.45
1024	4.9	4.54	5.44	2.3	35.74	10.86	8.01	1.42	5.44
2048	4.91	5.02	5.44	4.58	35.73	10.87	8.1	2.3	5.44
4096	❌	6.28	5.44	9.15	71.46	11.03	8.29	4.59	5.44
8192	❌	8.6	5.44	9.17	142.68	11.34	8.53	9.16	5.44
16384	❌	13.32	5.44	9.18	💾	11.94	8.79	9.17	5.44
32768	❌	15.31	8.78	9.18	💾	13.48	8.63	9.18	5.44
65536	❌	29.19	16.64	9.18	💾	16.52	12.9	9.18	5.44
131072	❌	35.4	21.6	9.2	💾	22.5	21.26	9.19	6.89
262144	❌	45.34	22.77	9.21	💾	34.52	34.15	9.21	12.86
524288	❌	54.88	25.59	9.25	💾	63.89	49.57	9.23	24.78

Sha2-Chain

Benchmark Sha256 hash of 32 bytes for n iteration.

Prover Time (s)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile
8	2.164	12.798	29.444	11.303	11.083	11.488	34.606	6.862	43.511
16	2.973	13.875	30.349	11.252	11.115	18.583	34.339	8.352	44.295
32	4.912	14.62	33.814	17.156	11.991	11.938	34.203	8.305	43.893
64	8.285	17.617	38.294	28.948	10.631	14.158	33.862	11.289	44.197
128	14.469	24.728	49.582	52.457	19.206	10.335	35.134	11.315	45.006
256	25.909	37.471	73.574	74.818	26.184	14.057	36.234	17.422	42.793
512	50.064	52.895	126.086	144.234	56.529	22.012	40.643	29.057	46.573
1024	96.901	71.752	231.888	285.012	95.878	20.846	50.02	52.522	52.862
2048	❌	132.275	516.789	574.819	💾	14.061	77.808	110.071	61.761
4096	❌	227.325	905.706	1110.77	💾	17.799	103.011	191.208	81.617
8192	❌	444.028	1814.44	2210.89	💾	18.607	193.572	365.446	122.31
16384	❌	872.638	3596.93	4404.24	💾	20.569	319.33	723.963	212.16
32768	❌	1698.85	7067.26	8791.74	💾	25.041	628.712	1443.04	388.56

Verifier Time (ms)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile
8	49.0	82	140	22	432.0	10	83	23	141
16	55.0	101	140	23	398.0	10	93	20	142
32	86.0	108	140	22	402.0	10	94	21	141
64	102.0	88	140	23	375.0	10	87	22	141
128	78.0	108	141	23	413.0	10	84	21	141
256	60.0	83	139	22	422.0	11	83	23	141
512	60.0	84	140	22	420.0	37	83	22	142
1024	103.0	83	139	23	456.0	41	83	22	141
2048	❌	83	57	23	💾	40	83	10	141
4096	❌	86	56	22	💾	119	83	23	141
8192	❌	83	56	22	💾	116	83	10	142
16384	❌	84	56	24	💾	182	86	23	141
32768	❌	83	56	24	💾	262	83	23	141

Proof Size (KB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile
8	181.495	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	109.544	952.094	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
16	191.263	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	106.728	971.154	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
32	201.447	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	108.776	955.554	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
64	212.047	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	106.568	962.798	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
128	223.063	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	112.36	946.158	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
256	234.495	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	117.992	969.698	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
512	246.343	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	124.168	947.738	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
1024	258.607	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	129.512	948.874	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
2048	❌	1315.56	852.937	223.482	💾	959.414	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
4096	❌	1315.56	852.937	223.482	💾	966.074	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
8192	❌	1315.56	816.649	223.482	💾	976.142	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
16384	❌	1315.56	816.649	223.482	💾	986.186	1315.56	223.482	1784.35
32768	❌	1315.56	852.937	223.482	💾	1001.51	1315.56	223.482	1784.35

Cycle Count

n	jolt	sp1	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile
8	69290.0	48118	45952	3008.0	65535	13495	14624
16	136282	85686	83432	5872.0	65535	20287	20776
32	270266	160822	158392	11600.0	65535	33871	33080
64	538234	311094	308312	23056.0	65535	61039	57688
128	1074187	611638	608152	45968.0	65535	115375	106904
256	2146059	1212726	1207832	91792.0	131071	224047	205336
512	4289803	2414902	2407192	183440	262143	441391	402200
1024	8577291	4819254	4805912	366736	524287	876079	795928
2048	❌	9627958	9603352	💾	1048575	1745455	1583384
4096	❌	19245366	19198232	💾	2097151	3484207	3158296
8192	❌	38480182	38387992	💾	4194303	6961711	6308120
16384	❌	76949814	76767512	💾	8388607	13916719	12607768
32768	❌	153889078	153526552	💾	16777215	27826735	25207064

Peak Memory (GB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile
8	5.1	4.31	5.44	1.42	9.1	10.74	7.81	1.44	5.44
16	4.91	4.54	5.44	1.42	9.04	10.74	8.04	1.43	5.44
32	5.92	4.98	5.44	2.3	9.04	10.75	8.5	1.43	5.44
64	8.69	6.19	5.44	4.58	9.05	10.77	8.05	1.42	5.44
128	14.39	8.81	5.44	9.14	17.87	10.78	8.29	1.42	5.44
256	26.36	13.27	5.44	9.17	29.66	10.83	8.52	2.3	5.44
512	48.32	14.7	8.57	9.17	59.33	10.95	8.63	4.59	5.44
1024	93.03	27.2	16.24	9.17	118.62	11.18	11.08	9.15	5.44
2048	❌	40.4	20.59	9.18	💾	11.64	18.61	9.17	5.44
4096	❌	44.04	20.6	9.19	💾	12.88	35.18	9.17	5.44
8192	❌	55.14	20.62	9.2	💾	15.31	53.3	9.17	6.64
16384	❌	58.47	20.66	9.2	💾	20.08	52.23	9.18	12.34
32768	❌	60.22	20.8	9.27	💾	29.71	63.03	9.18	23.74

Sha3

Benchmark Keccak256 hash of n bytes. For Stone, the implementation of Keccak256 from stdlib as well as builtin was benchmarked.

Prover Time (s)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile	stone-precompile
256	1.719	13.328	31.471	11.348	20.266	19.743	60.343	33.9	57.925	18.361
512	2.109	13.627	32.773	17.205	30.972	10.897	60.387	36.853	59.354	17.21
1024	3.15	15.275	34.777	17.179	65.925	23.258	60.193	42.789	58.748	18.037
2048	4.924	17.564	39.929	29.094	115.746	16.661	60.696	43.047	59.419	16.58
4096	❌	24.096	45.142	52.54	💾	11.693	60.073	54.792	61.503	27.567
8192	❌	37.851	60.927	110.08	💾	16.392	61.477	78.203	63.798	43.043
16384	❌	50.158	94.74	225.876	💾	15.422	63.416	136.103	70.003	86.217
32768	❌	66.943	165.212	422.471	💾	16.528	70.234	251.263	79.62	151.873
65536	❌	109.098	308.693	841.045	💾	21.269	84.047	437.697	102.599	💾
131072	❌	207.231	753.494	1671.26	💾	32.631	96.357	856.136	151.591	💾
262144	❌	367.867	1526.34	3310.6	💾	59.078	133.31	1691.49	252.934	💾
524288	❌	701.99	3048.73	6615.82	💾	106.153	191.352	3376.32	454.067	💾

Verifier Time (ms)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile	stone-precompile
256	77.0	107	139	23	505.0	11	116	24	141	269.0
512	66.0	107	139	23	494.0	11	108	23	141	213.0
1024	58.0	84	139	22	495.0	11	88	23	141	244.0
2048	61.0	109	140	24	544.0	11	104	22	141	217.0
4096	❌	110	140	22	💾	11	114	22	142	229.0
8192	❌	108	139	23	💾	11	89	22	142	254.0
16384	❌	83	140	24	💾	38	91	23	142	262.0
32768	❌	83	140	24	💾	139	88	22	141	273.0
65536	❌	82	140	24	💾	198	111	23	141	💾
131072	❌	83	57	24	💾	201	88	22	141	💾
262144	❌	83	56	23	💾	631	88	23	141	💾
524288	❌	83	56	22	💾	191	88	23	141	💾

Proof Size (KB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile	stone-precompile
256	170.823	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	113.64	1002.79	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	108.008
512	180.175	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	119.272	991.494	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	107.752
1024	189.943	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	126.92	1001.15	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	110.312
2048	200.127	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	130.536	1001.4	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	110.056
4096	❌	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	💾	1016.95	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	114.92
8192	❌	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	💾	1012.45	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	119.848
16384	❌	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	💾	1027.4	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	126.088
32768	❌	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	💾	1014.61	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	132.872
65536	❌	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	💾	1037.78	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	💾
131072	❌	1315.56	852.937	223.482	💾	1073.61	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	💾
262144	❌	1315.56	816.649	223.482	💾	1154.34	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	💾
524288	❌	1315.56	852.937	223.482	💾	1179.28	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	💾

Cycle Count

n	jolt	sp1	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	stone-precompile
256	46732.0	47653	63651	19431.0	131071	15337	36390	998.0
512	90274.0	84714	121925	38611.0	131071	20082	63910	1762.0
1024	177358	158823	238473	59058.0	262143	29559	118950	3286.0
2048	351574	307036	471569	117859	524287	48508	229030	6334.0
4096	❌	586913	921296	💾	1048575	86015	448102	12241.0
8192	❌	1146654	1820750	💾	2097151	161016	886246	24055.0
16384	❌	2266147	3619658	💾	2097151	311029	1762534	47683.0
32768	❌	4505110	7217474	💾	4194303	611032	3515110	94930.0
65536	❌	8999653	14429571	💾	8388607	1211497	7021350	💾
131072	❌	17988714	28853765	💾	16777215	2412402	14038604	💾
262144	❌	35966823	57702153	💾	33554431	4814199	28068169	💾
524288	❌	71923036	115398929	💾	67108863	9617788	56132428	💾

Peak Memory (GB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile	stone-precompile
256	5.43	4.5	5.44	1.42	19.02	10.82	11.56	3.46	5.49	11.13
512	4.9	4.54	5.44	2.3	35.74	10.85	11.59	3.45	5.49	11.07
1024	4.9	5.01	5.44	2.3	71.41	10.97	11.55	3.45	5.49	11.07
2048	5.8	6.16	5.44	4.59	142.54	11.21	11.62	3.45	5.49	11.07
4096	❌	8.7	5.44	9.17	💾	11.9	11.79	4.59	5.49	21.97
8192	❌	13.65	5.44	9.17	💾	13.19	11.96	9.16	5.49	43.91
16384	❌	12.24	5.85	9.18	💾	13.73	11.87	9.17	5.49	87.17
32768	❌	24.03	10.77	9.18	💾	17	12.23	9.17	5.48	174.24
65536	❌	39	20.53	9.19	💾	23.54	12.22	9.18	5.49	💾
131072	❌	52.23	21.23	9.2	💾	42.08	17.09	9.18	8.19	💾
262144	❌	52.28	22.77	9.2	💾	78.97	27.25	9.21	15.42	💾
524288	❌	57.67	22.93	9.27	💾	151.16	55.68	9.22	29.87	💾

Sha3-Chain

Benchmark Keccak256 hash of 32 bytes for n iteration.

Prover Time (s)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile	stone-precompile
8	3.151	14.691	31.427	17.2	66.291	13.552	59.266	34.114	58.806	16.827
16	5.142	17.431	34.818	28.941	115.28	18.47	60.353	37.322	59.329	18.279
32	8.57	23.603	43.135	52.437	💾	13.475	60.409	36.973	58.913	27.208
64	15.082	37.422	57.017	74.883	💾	14.55	60.377	42.978	59.971	43.739
128	29.25	50.151	90.378	132.931	💾	18.699	59.433	54.814	61.487	85.956
256	55.496	66.364	156.377	261.039	💾	22.329	61.843	78.503	65.217	151.067
512	105.689	104.036	297.659	515.447	💾	29.078	65.634	92.151	72.255	💾
1024	❌	192.377	715.326	1037.74	💾	52.14	73.4	176.441	88.201	💾
2048	❌	357.885	1474.13	2034.16	💾	94.358	91.595	348.058	115.792	💾
4096	❌	681.138	2909.76	4083.82	💾	❌	109.247	665.897	171.808	💾
8192	❌	1316.41	5795.09	8122.75	💾	❌	183.78	1286.1	510.264	💾
16384	❌	2597.86	11684.6	16241.2	💾	❌	353.935	2565.25	870.635	💾
32768	❌	5192.04	23068.5	32449.9	💾	❌	657.383	5090.45	1712.06	💾

Verifier Time (ms)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile	stone-precompile
8	83.0	107	139	23	526.0	11.0	122	20	142	252.0
16	114.0	86	139	23	555.0	11.0	116	23	142	254.0
32	75.0	111	139	23	💾	11.0	88	23	142	256.0
64	79.0	102	139	23	💾	11.0	116	23	142	265.0
128	57.0	99	139	23	💾	11.0	99	22	141	270.0
256	64.0	83	139	22	💾	42.0	90	20	141	288.0
512	118.0	83	139	23	💾	44.0	103	23	141	💾
1024	❌	83	56	23	💾	49.0	106	23	144	💾
2048	❌	84	56	23	💾	572.0	88	24	142	💾
4096	❌	83	56	23	💾	❌	88	23	141	💾
8192	❌	84	56	23	💾	❌	87	22	56	💾
16384	❌	83	55	20	💾	❌	88	24	57	💾
32768	❌	84	57	23	💾	❌	88	22	55	💾

Proof Size (KB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile	stone-precompile
8	191.263	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	124.616	995.554	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	109.8
16	201.447	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	129.96	1006.302	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	108.264
32	212.047	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	💾	1028.558	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	115.944
64	223.063	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	💾	1023.458	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	122.856
128	234.495	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	💾	1032.058	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	123.304
256	246.343	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	💾	1031.81	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	131.944
512	258.607	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	💾	1084.746	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	💾
1024	❌	1315.56	852.937	223.482	💾	1155.054	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	💾
2048	❌	1315.56	816.649	223.482	💾	1182.062	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	💾
4096	❌	1315.56	852.937	223.482	💾	❌	1477.23	223.482	1787.55	💾
8192	❌	1315.56	816.649	223.482	💾	❌	1477.23	223.482	852.937	💾
16384	❌	1315.56	816.649	223.482	💾	❌	1477.23	223.482	852.937	💾
32768	❌	1315.56	852.937	223.482	💾	❌	1477.23	223.482	816.649	💾

Cycle Count

n	jolt	sp1	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	stone-precompile
8	203331	147841	147328	57648.0	262143	18577	27805	3480.0
16	404363	284353	286232	115185	524287	25825	43693	6904.0
32	806427	557377	564040	💾	1048575	40321	75469	13752.0
64	1610555	1103425	1119656	💾	2097151	69313	139021	27448.0
128	3218828	2195521	2230888	💾	4194303	127297	266125	54840.0
256	6435340	4379713	4453352	💾	8388607	243265	520333	109624
512	12868364	8748097	8898280	💾	16777215	475201	1028749	💾
1024	❌	17484865	17788136	💾	33554431	939073	2050355	💾
2048	❌	34958401	35567848	💾	67108863	1866817	4093575	💾
4096	❌	69905473	71127272	💾	❌	3722305	8174812	💾
8192	❌	139799617	142246120	💾	❌	7433281	16338156	💾
16384	❌	279587905	284483816	💾	❌	14855233	32669621	💾
32768	❌	559164481	568959208	💾	❌	29699137	65327886	💾

Peak Memory (GB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile	stone-precompile
8	5.09	5.14	5.44	2.3	71.49	10.95	11.61	3.45	5.49	11.07
16	5.85	6.23	5.44	4.58	142.53	11.14	11.43	3.45	5.49	11.07
32	8.88	9.03	5.44	9.14	💾	11.83	11.95	3.45	5.49	21.98
64	14.89	13.13	5.44	9.17	💾	13.2	11.6	3.45	5.49	43.91
128	27.13	12.02	5.7	9.18	💾	15.6	11.49	4.57	5.49	87.26
256	51.24	21.98	10.48	9.18	💾	20.66	11.14	9.13	5.49	174.37
512	100.0	39.84	19.95	9.18	💾	36.36	11.92	9.16	5.49	💾
1024	❌	41.18	19.95	9.19	💾	67.57	11.24	9.16	5.49	💾
2048	❌	47.4	19.96	9.2	💾	128.39	14.17	9.16	6.28	💾
4096	❌	59.51	20.31	9.22	💾	❌	30.3	9.17	11.39	💾
8192	❌	61.16	20.5	9.26	💾	❌	53.85	9.18	20.72	💾
16384	❌	61.43	20.75	9.34	💾	❌	57.23	9.2	20.8	💾
32768	❌	63.58	20.93	9.49	💾	❌	63.67	9.22	20.87	💾

Benchmark Blake2s256 hash of n bytes. For the Stwo benchmarks, a dedicated opcode for BLAKE was used, as illustrated in this Cairo source file. SP1 and R0 do not support precompiles for BLAKE.

Prover Time (s)

n	sp1	r0	stwo-precompile
2048	14.272	28.817	35.206
4096	14.773	52.33	34.752
8192	17.678	65.67	30.911
16384	24.308	126.219	32.214
32768	37.485	240.843	30.324
65536	55.119	476.273	38.614
131072	101.786	947.306	35.269
262144	162.863	1888.15	33.434

Verifier Time (ms)

n	sp1	r0	stwo-precompile
2048	102	10	11
4096	105	23	11
8192	111	22	11
16384	99	24	11
32768	104	23	12
65536	81	22	12
131072	81	23	37
262144	81	22	48

Proof Size (KB)

n	sp1	r0	stwo-precompile
2048	1315.56	223.482	1117.14
4096	1315.56	223.482	1138.83
8192	1315.56	223.482	1134.37
16384	1315.56	223.482	1121.81
32768	1315.56	223.482	1144.87
65536	1315.56	223.482	1158.19
131072	1315.56	223.482	1141.67
262144	1315.56	223.482	1148.66

Cycle Count

n	sp1	r0	stwo-precompile
2048	100997	264515	65535
4096	193061	521763	65535
8192	377189	1036259	65535
16384	745445	2065251	65535
32768	1481957	4123235	131071
65536	2954981	8239203	262143
131072	5901029	16471139	524287
262144	11793125	32935011	1048575

Peak Memory (GB)

n	sp1	r0	stwo-precompile
2048	4.55	4.58	19.98
4096	5	9.14	19.94
8192	6.09	9.17	19.98
16384	8.83	9.18	20.02
32768	13.83	9.18	20.17
65536	16.59	9.18	20.5
131072	38	9.19	20.88
262144	45.31	9.19	21.97

BLAKE-Chain

Benchmark Blake2s256 hash of 32 bytes for n iteration. For the Stwo benchmarks, a dedicated opcode for BLAKE was used, as illustrated in this Cairo source file. SP1 and R0 do not support precompiles for BLAKE.

Prover Time (s)

n	sp1	r0	stwo-precompile
128	17.319	28.76	30.885
256	24.279	52.074	32.974
512	38.5	86.181	33.26
1024	53.129	166.706	30.723
2048	89.423	316.029	38.153
4096	145.299	628.118	31.717
8192	259.23	1260.14	37.422
16384	495.878	2521.17	35.82

Verifier Time (ms)

n	sp1	r0	stwo-precompile
128	105	22	11
256	104	22	11
512	108	23	11
1024	84	23	11
2048	81	23	41
4096	85	23	40
8192	81	23	49
16384	81	22	39

Proof Size (KB)

n	sp1	r0	stwo-precompile
128	1315.56	223.482	1119.07
256	1315.56	223.482	1121.09
512	1315.56	223.482	1128.54
1024	1315.56	223.482	1119.77
2048	1315.56	223.482	1127.81
4096	1315.56	223.482	1127.26
8192	1315.56	223.482	1134
16384	1315.56	223.482	1143.83

Cycle Count

n	sp1	r0	stwo-precompile
128	376249	356507	65535
256	742841	702491	65535
512	1476025	1394459	131071
1024	2942393	2778395	262143
2048	5875129	5546267	524287
4096	11740601	11082011	1048575
8192	23471545	22153499	2097151
16384	46933433	44296475	4194303

Peak Memory (GB)

n	sp1	r0	stwo-precompile
128	6.16	4.58	19.99
256	9.12	9.15	20.01
512	13.17	9.17	20.13
1024	15.96	9.17	20.39
2048	32.88	9.17	20.72
4096	44.6	9.19	21.54
8192	50.57	9.19	23.31
16384	53.25	9.21	27.19

Matrix Multiplication

Benchmark multiplication of two matrices of size n x n.

Prover Time (s)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
4	1.196	13.179	29.508	6.763	10.922	12.72
8	1.648	12.862	30.119	8.21	9.879	19.566
16	4.979	15.252	33.467	17.135	26.384	16.531
32	27.702	26.491	58.102	65.806	💾	14.655
64	❌	135.352	292.125	480.724	💾	21.199
128	❌	881.29	2671.68	3809.76	💾	76.061

Verifier Time (ms)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
4	44.0	110	140	23	111.0	10
8	51.0	110	140	22	120.0	10
16	86.0	102	139	23	139.0	10
32	84.0	109	140	25	💾	18
64	❌	85	140	22	💾	41
128	❌	84	56	23	💾	45

Proof Size (KB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
4	144.647	1315.53	1708.31	223.234	109.032	815.674
8	169.607	1315.53	1708.31	223.234	108.52	833.086
16	198.911	1315.53	1708.31	223.234	116.456	844.238
32	233.591	1315.53	1708.31	223.234	💾	844.914
64	❌	1315.53	1708.31	223.234	💾	876.354
128	❌	1315.53	852.937	223.234	💾	981.178

Cycle Count

n	jolt	sp1	r0	stone	stwo
4	7181.0	8430	5820	2181.0	32767
8	42753.0	23951	21352	13521.0	32767
16	314782	139844	137280	94569.0	131071
32	2457710	1044394	1041904	💾	1048575
64	❌	8211062	8208720	💾	8388607
128	❌	65306638	65304592	💾	67108863

Peak Memory (GB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
4	5.43	4.45	5.43	1.42	9.09	10.73
8	4.91	4.29	5.43	1.43	9.03	10.73
16	5.8	5.12	5.43	2.29	29.68	10.82
32	26.45	10.34	5.43	9.17	💾	11.61
64	❌	39.28	19.69	9.17	💾	19.92
128	❌	60.01	20.09	9.19	💾	101.6

Elliptic Curve Addition

Benchmark n point doubling for secp256k1.

Prover Time (s)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
256	50.41	70.731	158.631	283.941	18.869	11.993
512	96.814	116.11	292.691	531.309	30.529	19.268
1024	❌	211.962	582.356	1037.16	65.693	15.356
2048	❌	394.022	1048.01	2072.757	114.312	14.318
4096	❌	741.169	2029.72	4079.796	💾	14.407
8192	❌	1426.64	4046.32	8181.789	💾	16.635
16384	❌	2844.32	7953.88	❌	💾	24.382
32768	❌	5628.39	15793.7	❌	💾	28.304

Verifier Time (ms)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
256	67.0	83	140	22.0	188.0	10
512	60.0	83	140	23.0	181.0	10
1024	❌	83	56	23.0	187.0	34
2048	❌	83	56	25.0	238.0	39
4096	❌	83	57	23.0	💾	41
8192	❌	83	56	11.0	💾	36
16384	❌	83	56	❌	💾	130
32768	❌	83	55	❌	💾	15

Proof Size (KB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
256	249.399	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	111.592	918.41
512	261.663	1315.56	1708.31	223.482	120.04	897.182
1024	❌	1315.56	852.937	223.482	127.784	889.49
2048	❌	1315.56	852.937	223.482	131.976	896.15
4096	❌	1315.56	816.649	223.482	💾	901.758
8192	❌	1315.56	816.649	223.482	💾	910.154
16384	❌	1315.56	852.937	❌	💾	929.282
32768	❌	1315.56	816.649	❌	💾	931.042

Cycle Count

n	jolt	sp1	r0	stone	stwo
256	4760760	4715656	4711913	59936.0	131071
512	9290168	9169544	9165801	119840	262143
1024	❌	18077320	18073577	239648	262143
2048	❌	35892872	35889129	479264	524287
4096	❌	71523976	71520233	💾	1048575
8192	❌	142786184	142782441	💾	2097151
16384	❌	285310600	❌	💾	4194303
32768	❌	570359432	❌	💾	8388607

Peak Memory (GB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
256	48.62	23.6	10.37	9.18	17.93	10.9
512	93.9	47.38	19.8	9.19	35.7	11.08
1024	❌	44.31	19.83	9.19	71.47	11.27
2048	❌	55.82	19.84	9.19	142.68	11.81
4096	❌	62.49	19.86	9.22	💾	13.22
8192	❌	63.14	19.94	9.26	💾	16.01
16384	❌	66.48	19.95	❌	💾	21.62
32768	❌	66.97	19.96	❌	💾	32.64

stwo-book